Optimized microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of Ti-6Al-4V nanocomposites for next-generation dental implant applications

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is extensively used for biomedical and dental implant applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and favourable mechanical strength. However, its limited wear resistance, and long-term stability necessitate further improvement. This study investigates the effects of TiO 2 , yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), hydroxyapatite (HAp), and chitosan nanoparticles on the densification, microstructural features and mechanical/tribological behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V matrix nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were fabricated using powder metallurgy route followed by conventional sintering at 1500 o C in a hydrogen atmosphere. Reinforcements were incorporated at 5, 10 and 20 wt. % concentrations. FESEM and XRD analyses confirmed a homogeneous dispersion and strong interfacial bonding between nanoparticles and Ti matrix. The addition of reinforcements significantly enhanced densification behaviour, hardness, compressive strength, impact strength, and wear resistance compared with pure Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Nanocomposites containing 5 wt. % reinforcement exhibited superior densification with reduced internal cracks and voids, indicating improved structural integrity. Increasing reinforcement content further contributed to superior mechanical and tribological performances. Based on the observed microstructural, mechanical, and tribological characteristics, and biomechanical requirements reported in the literature for stable dental implant materials, Ti+10 wt. % TiO 2 , Ti+ 10 wt. % YSZ, and Ti+ 10 wt. % chitosan nanocomposites emerged as the most promising candidates for future dental implant applications. The study highlights the potential of nanoparticle-reinforced Ti-6Al-4V nanocomposites as advanced, durable and high-performance dental implant materials.