Molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors for tetracyclines detection: Principles, applications, and emerging trends

Tetracyclines (TCs) are a group of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors considered as broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are widely deployed in human and veterinary medicine, aquaculture, and agriculture. Their overuse leaves residues in foods and waters and accelerates the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. As a result, the need for sensitive and selective detection of TCs in complex matrices has become increasingly important. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensors have emerged as a promising analytical platform, known for their high specificity, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to various transduction methods. This review synthesizes recent advancements in MIP-based biosensors for the detection of TC residues, with emphasis on applications in food safety and environmental monitoring. We examine a range of transduction strategies, including electrochemical, fluorescence, and colorimetric methods, evaluating their analytical performance, practicality, and suitability for real-world scenarios. Particular attention is placed on food matrices, such as milk and meat, as well as environmental samples, like river water and livestock waste. Our findings underscore the significant potential of MIP-based biosensors to enhance the monitoring and regulation of TC residues, thereby supporting key initiatives aimed at One Health framework and contributing to several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Life Below Water (SDG 14), and Life on Land (SDG 15).