Review of the different design parameters to yield efficient lithium-sulfur rechargeable cells of higher energy densities

Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries, because of its high energy density, inexpensiveness and environmental benignity, have been deemed as one of the most promising candidates to replace the commercial rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. However, their wide commercialization has been somewhat plagued due to the dangerous “shuttle effect” of soluble Li-polysulfide intermediates and safety issues regarding Li-metal anode. The situation further aggravates by the consequent loss of the sulfur (S 8 ) and the insulating nature of the reaction end products. To counter all these issues there have been intense research throughout last couple of decades. In this review we have focused on the efficient design three components of Li-S rechargeable cell, i.e., cathode, binder and anode, in search of practical Li-S batteries, along with the detail analysis of Li-S conversion chemistry. First the advantages and disadvantages of Li-S chemistry were discussed. Then we have illustrated recent advances regarding cathode, binder and anode modification. Considering their importance and commercial viability we have discussed the recent research trends in flexible and solid-state Li-S batteries. The next section is devoted towards the commercialization prospect of Li-S batteries, which encompasses the existing problems and their corresponding solutions which potentially pave the pathway for future Li-S battery research.