Optimal planning and management of multi-microgrids with energy storage systems and renewables across 2050 horizon

The paradigm shift to a clean energy and decentralized energy system needs the optimal planning of framework, that involves renewable energy, energy storage, and modern energy management propositions. This paper proposes a techno-economic framework for the implementation of 21 regional microgrids in the southern regions of Pakistan, i.e., Baluchistan and Sindh, which are interconnected under the umbrella of a virtual power plant, and addresses energy management through energy wheeling over a long-term horizon extending to 2050. Two virtual power plants are proposed, one for each province to interconnect MGs and facilitate energy wheeling between the microgrids. This paper focuses on solar and wind resources as they are most feasible in the selected regions. Compound annual growth rate was used to calculate population growth by 2050 and then it is used to forecast the load for regional microgrids. The framework aims at minimizing Levelized cost of energy and net present cost, while simultaneously reducing emissions and ensuring system reliability. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out for uncertain parameters. Hydrogen storage is also integrated to improve autonomy capacity as a long-duration energy solution. This paper proposes a 270 MW of renewable generation, increasing the renewable energy share from 12% to 12.7% in the energy mix of Pakistan. Overall, the proposed framework provides a pathway for U.N.-SDGs as well as Pakistan 2050 energy vision.