Advancing pharmacotherapy with reusable biosensors for early diagnosis and long-term management of chronic diseases

Diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases present significant challenges to global healthcare systems. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential for their successful management and treatment. The use of conventional disposable biosensors can be problematic due to their limited ability and cost implications, thus resulting in the design of reusable biosensors, which offer increased durability, sustainability, and efficient monitoring of chronic disease management and drug therapy. Reusable biosensors are based on the detection-renewal-reuse processes in order to provide long-term utility in managing chronic diseases and monitoring drug therapies. In this review paper, technologies associated with the reuse of biosensors, including advanced materials, surface modifications of 2D materials, and nanotechnology, are discussed. Moreover, the regenerative processes used for biosensors, including chemical, electrochemical, physical, and biological approaches that enable sustained functionalities and drug delivery monitoring, are summarized. The application areas of these biosensors will include chronic disease detection with a focus on cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease; the role of such devices in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies will also be considered. The potential application of artificial intelligence in sensor optimization and multifunctional detection platforms is discussed as a promising approach to enhance reusable biosensor performance in personalized medicine and precision therapeutics.