Understanding academic burnout: A systematic literature review of its risk and protective factors

In the contemporary educational landscape, academic burnout (exhaustion, inadequacy, and cynicism) has emerged as an urgent psychological and educational issue that threatens various educational outcomes and academic adjustment. Understanding the risk and protective factors of burnout is also essential for developing effective strategies and more targeted interventions to prevent psychological exhaustion and promote well-being, particularly in academic and professional settings. The systematic literature review aims to synthesize the key risk and protective factors associated with burnout, drawing on evidence from diverse populations and contexts. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of databases was conducted up to July 2025 and identified a total of 1744 citations of which 50 studies were included in the qualitative analysis. The review identifies a range of interrelated risk factors—spanning academic, psychological, personal, social, and structural domains—highlighting that academic burnout among students is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Thus, protection against burnout requires a holistic approach that includes strengthening individual character, strong social support, developing adaptive learning and coping strategies, and providing a healthy academic environment. This review seeks to inform the design of targeted interventions and guide policymakers, educators, and institutional stakeholders in mitigating burnout and fostering resilience.