Computational study of interactions between ionized glyphosate and carbon nanotube: An alternative for mitigating environmental contamination

The extensive use of glyphosate in agriculture has raised environmental concerns due to its adverse effects on plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans. This study investigates the interactions between ionized glyphosate and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) using computational simulations through semi-empirical tight-binding methods (GFN2-xTB) implemented in the xTB software. The analysis focused on different glyphosate ionization states corresponding to various p H levels: G1 ( p H < 2 ), G2 ( p H ≈ 2 − 3 ), G3 ( p H ≈ 4 − 6 ), G4 ( p H ≈ 7 − 10 ), and G5 ( p H > 10 . 6 ). Results revealed that glyphosate in G1, G3, G4, and G5 forms showed stronger interactions with CNT, proving higher adsorption energies and greater electronic coupling. The neutral state (G2) showed lower affinity, indicating that molecular protonation significantly influences adsorption. Topological analysis and molecular dynamics confirmed the presence of covalent, non-covalent, and partially covalent interactions, while the CNT+G5 system proved moderate interactions suitable for material recycling. These findings suggest that carbon nanotubes, with their extraordinary properties such as nanocapillarity, porosity, and extensive surface area, show promise for environmental monitoring and remediation of glyphosate contamination.