Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors: Advancing blood-based diagnostics toward intelligent healthcare in resource-limited settings

: Recent innovations have broadened the potential of electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors for advanced healthcare diagnostics, including point-of-care use in resource-limited and remote environments. Traditional diagnostic platforms are often complex and expensive, making them inaccessible in remote areas. Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors are simple, fast, affordable, portable, require minimal samples, and are highly specific, addressing these challenges. This review systematically evaluates recent developments in the design and implementation of nucleic acid biosensors, emphasizing strategies for nucleic acid immobilization, innovative dimensional probe architectures, and advanced signal amplification techniques (target-based and signal-based). Furthermore, it critically examines their real-world applications in detecting critical blood-based disease markers associated with infectious diseases, cancers, and genetic disorders. This review also outlines future perspectives and key challenges in the clinical translation of these advanced biosensors, proposing strategic pathways toward intelligent and accessible healthcare solutions for remote communities and extreme environments.