Health applications of FET-based biosensors and their limits

Biosensors based on field-effect transistors (FETs) are currently undergoing significant technological advances and structural optimizations, favoring their deployment in multiple fields, particularly in health monitoring and diagnostics. Their remarkable performance, particularly in terms of specificity, response speed, real-time analysis capability, low cost, miniaturization potential, and portability, explains the growing interest they attract. This article provides an in-depth review of the different types of FET biosensors, gate configurations, operating modes, detection mechanisms, and key characteristics. It also presents recent advances, emerging biomedical applications, as well as the current limitations and technological challenges associated with these devices.