Evaluation of an equivalent frame modelling strategy using settlement test data on half-scale masonry buildings

The authors have recently developed a 2D equivalent frame modelling approach (Equivalent Frame Model with deformable connectors, EQFdc) for the assessment of tunnelling-induced damage in masonry buildings. The model features deformable macro-elements (e.g. connectors) linking fibre beam elements (typically used for beams and spandrels). The current paper aims to validate this modelling approach using data from recent, previously-described, settlement tests on half-scale masonry buildings. The test buildings comprise varying façade opening layouts, structural weights, and floor stiffnesses and are subjected to hogging settlement profiles. Displacements and strains developed in the buildings when settlements were applied were monitored during the tests using DIC (Digital Image Correlation) and FBG (Fibre Bragg Grating) measurement techniques. In the current work, façade base vertical displacement profiles and crack widths observed in the tests are compared with EQFdc simulations. The computed principal tensile strain and tensile plastic point distributions are used to evaluate damage location and severity in the EQFdc models. The results demonstrate that the EQFdc simulations capture the displacements, strains and crack damage observed in the test buildings. This highlights the potential of using these simple models for rapid damage assessment of buildings subjected to underground construction induced ground movements. The experimental comparisons also enabled the identification of the limitations of the modelling approach, particularly those associated with the constitutive models, indicating areas for further development.