Synergistic mechanisms of ultrasound and slightly acidic electrolyzed water in peanut germination revealed by multi-omics analysis

Peanut sprouts are recognized as a nutrient-dense functional food, rich in protein, soluble sugars, resveratrol, and bioactive compounds. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and ultrasound treatments have emerged as promising technologies for enhancing the efficiency and uniformity of peanut seed germination, which is critical for improving sprout yield and quality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their synergistic effects remain elusive. This study investigated the combined effects of SAEW and ultrasound on peanut germination using integrated metabolomics and proteomics. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to identify and quantify treatment-altered metabolites and proteins during germination. The results indicated that SAEW promoted the initiation of peanut seed germination primarily through the induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of abscisic acid (ABA), while ultrasound primarily activates energy metabolism. The synergistic effect of SAEW and ultrasound was found to enhance oxidative stress and inhibit ABA expression, leading to suppression of energy metabolism pathways, including the citric acid cycle and glycerophospholipid metabolism. This study provided insights into the synergistic mechanism of SAEW-ultrasound treatment in enhancing peanut germination.