Assessment of risk, safety, hazard, and economic challenges of CCS pipeline and wellbore implementation: Exploring emerging achievements in 2010–2025

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely regarded as a strategic mitigation option for reducing CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel–based industries and the energy sector, in line with global efforts to limit the rise in average temperature to below 1.5 °C. Despite its potential to deliver substantial carbon reductions, CCS deployment remains challenged by a range of technical, economic, and operational risks that must be systematically addressed. These risks arise across nearly all stages of the CCS value chain, including CO 2 capture, transportation, and storage. Over the past decade, research on CCS has expanded rapidly, and several review studies have attempted to map emerging research trends in this field. However, existing reviews have generally concentrated on individual components of CCS technologies, such as carbon capture processes or the safety of geological storage. These studies have not adequately examined the interdependencies across the entire system. In contrast, the present study provides a more comprehensive perspective by assessing the whole CCS chain, thereby offering a systemic understanding of its performance and implementation challenges. The novelty of this work lies in its integrative approach, combining risk and safety analysis, hazard identification, and economic evaluation, with particular emphasis on the transportation and storage stages. In addition, recent advances involving modern technologies aimed at enhancing CCS safety and sustainability are discussed to highlight potential directions for future research.