Generation mechanism and multiple pathways of workplace well-being from the perspective of urban forests exposure

To explore the generation mechanism and multiple pathways of workplace well-being, this study examines the issue from an urban forest exposure perspective. It constructs a linear theoretical model and a configurational model, integrating Physical Activity Level (PAL), Urban Forest Exposure Concentration (UFEC), and work creativity. Data were collected through the Credamo platform and analyzed using one-factor comparative analysis of PAL and interaction analysis of PAL × UFEC. After controlling sociodemographic characteristics, we employed configurational analysis to identify heterogeneous pathways to workplace well-being among different populations. Results indicate that high PAL enhances both work creativity and workplace well-being, with work creativity fully mediating the PAL–workplace well-being relationship. Only micro-level UFEC positively moderates the impact of PAL on work creativity, whereas macro-level UFEC shows no significant effect. Monthly income and age positively predict workplace well-being, and age also enhances work creativity. Notably, work creativity emerges as the core driver across all pathways. Specifically, among individuals aged 21–30 with monthly incomes below ¥7,000, micro-level UFEC substitutes for PAL; for those aged 31–40, Urban Forest Exposure Dose (UFED) substitutes for monthly income as a predictor of well-being. Based on these findings, we propose three actionable recommendations: (1) design personalized physical activity promotion plans, (2) enhance corporate welfare programs, and (3) formulate community-centered urban forest utilization guidelines. These strategies provide a scientific basis for improving workplace well-being in diverse populations. By integrating core concepts from environmental psychology, public health, management science, and sports science, this study proposes the concept of UFED based on workers' agency, and constructs and verifies a theoretical framework of workplace well-being from this perspective. In doing so, it expands the theoretical system of urban forest ecological well-being and offers important practical guidance for stakeholders—including workers, organizational managers, and community administrators—to scientifically utilize and rationally design urban forests.