Mapping system dynamics of academic, social, and online influences on student mental wellbeing: A participatory systems approach using causal loop diagramming

Students in higher education experience substantial pressure on their mental wellbeing, with underlying causes that are complex and interconnected, requiring a systems approach. This study applies a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD), structured around students’ proximal environments—academic, social, and online—to examine system dynamics and identify leverage points that influence mental wellbeing. A qualitative, participatory design was used to develop the CLD, using evidence from existing literature, individual interviews ( N = 12), and four focus group discussions ( N = 32). These insights informed three Group Model Building sessions with students ( N = 43) in which the CLD was co-created. Initial leverage points were explored with the Action Scales Model (ASM) through an expert review with professionals ( N = 9) from diverse backgrounds. The CLD revealed twenty reinforcing and three balancing feedback loops showing how academic, social, and online domains jointly shape student mental wellbeing through relational, behavioural, environmental, and digital processes. Initial leverage points included events (e.g., classroom attendance, teacher guidance, social comparison), structures (e.g., predictable routines, programme-based social spaces, financial barriers), system goals (e.g., performance orientation), and underlying beliefs (e.g., individual responsibility). The findings show that academic pressure is closely intertwined with belonging and peer comparison, while online practices shape how students respond to these experiences. Social media can intensify comparison and avoidance, whereas private messaging facilitates emotional support in coping with academic stress. Supportive relationships reinforce wellbeing, while comparison and distraction trigger competing cycles of stress and reduced confidence. Future research should validate identified mechanisms and leverage points with broader stakeholders.