Extended reality in clinical neurology: From interdisciplinary innovations to clinical practice

Extended reality (XR), encompassing virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies offer immersive and interactive experiences that are poised to transform clinical neurology. This review describes the technological foundations of XR systems, from multi-sensor headsets and real-time rendering pipelines to networked platforms, which together support emerging applications. In clinical practice, XR enables more sensitive and ecologically valid assessments of cognitive, motor, and sensory function; neurosurgical training and intraoperative XR guidance improve spatial understanding and decision support; and immersive rehabilitation programs for stroke, chronic neurological disorders, and pediatric conditions enhance engagement and functional recovery. Finally, we summarize adoption challenges and required supports for the clinical implementation of XR and highlight future directions. With continued interdisciplinary innovation and careful evaluation, XR is positioned to reshape neurology by providing powerful tools for understanding the brain and treating neurological disorders.