Perforation optimization of Gulong shale oil reservoirs based on near-wellbore fracture morphology control, Songliao Basin, NE China

In response to the problems such as complex near-wellbore fractures, difficult far-wellbore fracture propagation, and limited stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) caused by the “thousand-layer thin pancakes” configuration of the Guolong shale oil reservoir in the Songliao Basin, China, triaxial mechanical and fracture visualization experiments were conducted on shale samples. Combined with digital image correlation technology and laser pulse ultrafast resolution technology, the micro-scale deformation and supersonic-scale fracture expansion characteristics of the Guolong shale were captured in real time. A constitutive model reflecting the flexible deformation and anisotropy of the Guolong shale and a mechanical model considering competitive fracture initiation-propagation from multiple perforation holes under the coupling of stress interference and flow distribution were established to reveal the control mechanisms of pore density, pore number, and pore distribution on fracture propagation. The results show that by reducing the number of holes and increasing the perforation density, the stress interference between multiple perforation holes can be effectively mitigated, and combined with the extreme limited entry (ELE), the fracturing fluid can be evenly distributed. Compared with the high-density perforation (8 holes per cluster), the low-density perforation (6 holes per cluster) yields an increased opening rate by approximately 45 percentage points. Compared with spiral perforation, the 30° phase angle conjugate directional perforation enables both stress interference reduction and enhanced longitudinal/transverse reservoir connectivity, and it can easily form vertical energy concentration, as indicated by stress field, to drive fracture expansion across layers. The directional perforation + ELE fracturing mode has been verified through field practice. After changing the perforation method from 60°–180° phase angle spiral perforation to 30° phase angle conjugate directional perforation, and reducing the number of perforations from 12–16 holes per cluster to 5–7 holes per cluster, the SRV increased by 17.4% and 48.9%, respectively.