Human Nature, Norms, and Conduct

: In this chapter, Welchman examines John Dewey’s critique of traditional moral theories, particularly those grounded in nonempirical moral norms. She shows how Dewey challenges the idea that moral obligations derive from an intuitive grasp of absolute truths, arguing instead that norms emerge from human habits and social interactions. Tracing Dewey’s evolution from his early idealism to his later pragmatism, Welchman highlights his rejection of “intuitional ethics” and his shift toward a naturalistic account of moral reasoning. Dewey sees morality as a dynamic process, shaped by experience and subject to revision in light of its social consequences. Dewey maintains that moral principles should be empirically tested and continually refined. He argues that social institutions generate obligations, but these obligations must remain open to critical reflection. The chapter illuminates how this pragmatic approach positions morality not as an immutable ideal but as an evolving practice aimed at enhancing human welfare.