Iron metabolism, anemia, and sustainable sow production

Abstract As an essential trace element, iron is indispensable for oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and other physiological processes. During the physiological stage of gestation, the iron demand of sows increases substantially. Iron deficiency anemia is highly prevalent in pregnant sows, adversely affecting their reproductive performance and potentially inducing growth retardation, weakened immunity, and compromised health in piglets. Consequently, these adverse outcomes can ultimately compromise the sustainable production of sows. To address this issue, dietary iron supplements have evolved from inorganic forms like ferrous sulfate through organic salts such as ferrous fumarate to the current chelated iron, which is currently known for its high bioavailability. This paper reviews the relationship between iron metabolism and anemia in pregnant sows, analyzes the negative impacts of anemia on sow reproductive performance and piglet health, and discusses nutritional strategies for iron regulation within the context of sustainable swine production. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for improving sow productivity and promoting sustainable development in the swine industry.