Implementing cage-free egg commitments in China: An explorative qualitative interview study of corporate and certification perspectives on cage-free egg procurement

Uptake of cage-free egg production in China remains limited, and many food companies have yet to meet their 2025 cage-free commitments. As the fulfilment of cage-free commitments potentially stimulates the growth of cage-free production, it is important to understand the factors influencing corporates' implementation. Drawing on seven semi-structured interviews with representatives from international food businesses and certification bodies operating in China, this study explores the enablers and challenges to implementing 2025 cage-free egg commitments and the role of certification schemes in supporting supply chain transitions. The findings show that access to cage-free certification schemes has supported the development of cage-free egg production and procurement. However, limited traceability and the absence of government regulation on animal welfare and product labelling remain challenges. Key enablers identified include the establishment of cage-free commitments, internal alignment and organisational buy-in, and phased implementation strategies. Despite this, major constraints persist, including high procurement costs, the complexity of transitioning multi-tier supply chains, and concerns about supply stability and continuity. While long-term interventions, such as policy development, producer capacity building, and consumer education, are essential, short-term market-based mechanisms, particularly the cage-free egg credits scheme, may offer a practical interim solution. These schemes can help companies fulfil their commitments and provide financial incentives for producers, thereby accelerating the transition to cage-free production and advancing animal welfare in China.