Civilian Shelter Guidance in Armed Conflict Zones: A Qualitative Study of International Humanitarian Practitioners

OBJECTIVES: The widespread use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA) has become a defining feature of modern conflict with devastating consequences for civilians. Practical guidance on sheltering during explosive attacks remains limited, inconsistent, and unevenly integrated with existing scientific and technical evidence. This study explored the landscape of shelter guidance through the perspectives of international humanitarian practitioners working in EWIPA contexts. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 practitioners from international humanitarian NGOs, Red Cross societies, and UN agencies engaged in risk education, emergency response, and conflict monitoring. Participants were purposively selected for operational experience in EWIPA-affected regions. Interviews explored 4 domains: guidance content, information sources, dissemination channels, and implementation challenges. Data were analyzed using a hybrid inductive-deductive approach. RESULTS: Practitioners described various sheltering messages, from general cues like "find cover" to specific techniques including low-profile positioning. Most guidance drew on field experience rather than empirical research. Dissemination strategies varied by context. Challenges included message distortion, difficulty engaging high-risk groups, and absence of standardized recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Shelter guidance in EWIPA contexts is fragmented and only partially connected to the existing technical and scientific evidence base. Findings highlight the need for coordinated, context-specific, and evidence-informed approaches to strengthen civilian protection.