Economic Conditions and Incarceration in the United States: Evidence from Missouri, 1850–1930
Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between economic conditions and incarceration in the postbellum United States. Leveraging unique administrative prison records in Missouri from 1850 to 1931 and the differential exposure to national agricultural price changes across counties, I find that positive economic shocks reduce prison admission rates for all crime categories, and negative shocks increase prison admission rates, with the relationship larger for negative shocks. Although racial disparities in incarceration emerged after Reconstruction, with Black prison admission rates five times higher than white rates, I find no evidence that economic conditions affected prison admission rates differently across racial groups.
Fields of Study & Subjects
American Constitutional Law and Politics
Gender
Labor
and Family Dynamics
Publication details
- Journal / source
- The Journal of Economic History
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1–41
- Publication date
- 10 August 2026
- Language
- EN