Revisiting the moral foreign language effect: The interplay of cognitive control, emotional distress and victim vulnerability in bilingual moral judgment

Abstract The moral foreign language effect (MFLE) suggests that using a second language promotes utilitarian moral decisions, though its robustness and underlying mechanisms remain debated. This study investigated the MFLE and its potential moderators, including cognitive control, emotional distress and contextual variability (operationalized as victim vulnerability through narrative cues signaling physical fragility), among 255 Chinese-English bilinguals who judged moral dilemmas in either their native or second language. Contrary to prior findings, no significant MFLE emerged, nor did cognitive control or emotional distress alone moderate moral judgments. In contrast, victim vulnerability showed a robust main effect, with higher vulnerability increasing utilitarian responses. Moreover, this effect interacted with emotional distress: it was pronounced under low distress but diminished under high distress. These findings challenge the generalizability of the MFLE and highlight the pivotal influence of emotional and contextual factors, particularly emotional arousal and perceived victim vulnerability, on moral judgments across languages.