Oriented Nucleation and Growth of Halide Perovskites

Precise regulation of oriented nucleation and growth is critical for optimizing halide perovskite crystal structures and enhancing optoelectronic device performance. This review highlights advances in orientation regulation across various halide perovskite systems, alongside relevant characterization techniques and their applications. First, we introduce the characterization techniques for crystallographic orientation and investigate the impact of preferential orientation on the performance of optoelectronic devices, encompassing scintillators, detectors, solar cells, gas sensors, and transistors. Concurrently, we underscore the orientation modulation mechanisms and strategies in three-dimensional perovskite single crystals, two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), and photovoltaic perovskite films, as well as their impacts on performance. Subsequently, we discuss their impacts on single-junction and tandem solar cells, while elucidating the structure-performance correlations under the preferential orientation of perovskite films. Additionally, we systematically review thin-film fabrication strategies for achieving preferential orientation in large-area perovskite solar cells via solution-based deposition, vapor-based deposition, and printing techniques, particularly emphasizing the significance of composition engineering, additive engineering, and solvent engineering. Finally, the key challenges in the oriented nucleation and growth of perovskites for single crystals, 2D perovskites, NCs, and photovoltaics are outlined. This review aims to provide a fundamental understanding of orientation modulation in halide perovskites and stimulate further innovation.