Vanadium-Based Materials in Metal–Ion Hybrid Batteries─Beyond Conventional Lithium-Ion Storage: A Review and Perspectives

Metal-ion hybrid batteries represent an emerging class of electrochemical energy-storage devices that combine various charge carriers within a single cell while maintaining electrochemical performance competitive with commercial batteries. Achieving stable and high-performance behavior in hybrid batteries such as Li-Na, Li-Mg, Na-Mg, and Na-Zn requires electrode materials capable of reversible inter- and deintercalation of various ion species. In this context, vanadium-based materials are particularly promising due to their multiple oxidation states, extensive compositional flexibility that enables the intercalation of various ions, and synthetic versatility that allows modifications like doping, ion preintercalation, or composite formation. This perspective provides a comprehensive assessment of the structural and electrochemical properties of vanadium-based materials in metal-ion hybrid batteries. It analyzes the complexities of mixed-ion intercalation mechanisms and identifies key parameters that govern the intercalation behavior in this material class. These insights offer a valuable framework for advancing vanadium-based and other transition-metal electrode materials in hybrid batteries.