Carbon Composites Based on Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Assisted Confined Pyrolysis of Melamine Molding Compounds and Their Excellent Supercapacitor Performance

The potential of melamine–formaldehyde resin-based materials as nitrogen-rich carbon precursors remains underutilized because of low carbon residue, suboptimal pore development, and significant nitrogen loss during thermal treatment. Herein, leveraging confined pyrolysis and carbon composite strategies with melamine molding compounds (MM) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) as carbon precursors, the obtained heteroatom-doped porous carbon composite owns a superior specific surface area of 3008 m 2 g –1 and a heteroatom doping content of 13.58 atom %. The optimized activated carbon (F-AMC-700–4) exhibits a high specific capacitance of 443 F g –1 at the current density of 0.5 A g –1, with the retention up to 88% after 20,000 cycles. The symmetric supercapacitor of F-AMC-700–4 delivers an energy density of 43.04 Wh kg –1 at a high power density of 450 W kg –1 within the voltage window of 1.8 V. This work presents a practical methodology for transforming MM into a heteroatom-doped porous carbon composite, highlighting its significant potential for high-performance supercapacitor applications.