A Review of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Energy Storage Systems for Performance Benchmarking and Commercialization Prospects

The rapid growth of renewable energy systems has created a high demand for the development of safe, cost-effective, and supply chain-resistant energy storage technologies. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional lead-acid- and lithium-based storage systems for different applications, considering safety, cost, and cycle life. Their reliance on abundant zinc resources, compatibility with nonflammable aqueous electrolytes, and relatively simple manufacturing processes make them attractive for regions seeking to diversify battery supply chains and enhance energy security in the long term. This review examines the structural configuration and electrochemical fundamentals of AZIBs, emphasizing their techno-economic potential and commercialization prospects. Key factors influencing economic feasibility, including material availability, electrolyte design, cycle life, and system-level performance, are critically assessed. A comparative analysis of lithium–ion battery technologies highlights the trade-offs in energy density, safety requirements, manufacturing complexity, and long-term cost stability. Despite remaining challenges, such as zinc dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution reactions, and cathode dissolution, recent advances in cathode materials, electrolyte engineering, and interface stabilization have significantly improved electrochemical performance and cycling durability. By integrating technological developments with technoeconomic and supply chain considerations, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on the potential of AZIBs to enable scalable, safe, and economically competitive energy storage solutions for future power systems.