Hydrodynamic Forces as an Overlooked Driver of Phosphorus Mobilization via Piezoelectric Activation

The mobilization of abundant but immobilized phosphorus into bioavailable forms is conventionally attributed to microbial metabolite production. Yet the persistence of reductive transformations in hydrodynamically active environments with limited microbial metabolism implies a previously overlooked abiotic pathway. Here, we reveal hydrodynamic-driven phosphorus mobilization via a piezoelectric energy-transduction pathway. Hydrodynamic forces enhanced phosphate release 3-fold in natural intertidal sediments, whereas ultrasonic treatment further elevated the release through processes operating independently of microbial activity. Mechanistic investigation confirmed that piezoelectrically generated electrons directly reduce Fe(III) species, releasing mineral-bound phosphate while simultaneously facilitating secondary mineral formation. This pathway fundamentally challenges the established paradigm of biologically dominated phosphorus cycling and establishes hydrodynamic energy as a primary driver of phosphorus transformation. Given the global distribution of hydrodynamic energy and piezoelectric minerals, this mechanism likely operates worldwide, particularly under climate-intensified hydrodynamic conditions. These processes may elevate aquatic nutrient fluxes and eutrophication risks, highlighting the need to quantify their environmental significance and develop management strategies. In addition, our findings could advance the interpretation of historical phosphorus cycling while enabling sustainable phosphorus recovery through piezoelectric processes.