Dual-Cross-linking Semi-Interpenetrating Network Ionogels with Ultra-Stretchability and Harsh Environment Tolerance for High-Performance Wearable Sensing

Conductive hydrogels have attracted much attention in wearable electronic devices, but the poor temperature tolerance limits their potential applications in harsh environments. Ionogels with high ionic conductivity and nonvolatility are ideal candidates, while the poor mechanical properties and hygroscopic swelling behavior hinder their practical applications. Herein, a super stretchable dual-cross-linking semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) ionogel is fabricated via cellulose incorporation with polyacrylamide (PAM). The cellulose-induced semi-IPN with PAM constructs a physicochemical dual cross-linked structure. Benefiting from this favored structure and sacrificial hydrogen bonds, the PAM/cellulose ionogel exhibits enhanced mechanical properties (3109% strain, 4861 kJ m –3 toughness) while maintaining high ionic conductivity (1.76 mS cm –1 ). The enhanced cross-linking density also improves stability against hygroscopic swelling. Importantly, it demonstrates outstanding wearable sensing performance (GF = 1.08, response time: 19 ms) even in harsh environments from −20 to 45 °C. This work provides new insights into the design and fabrication of high-performance environment-tolerant flexible wearable devices.