Highly Efficient and Selective Biosensing of Malathion Utilizing Bioengineered Nanoplatform Based on Fe 3 O 4

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Nanobioengineered platforms have emerged as promising candidates for biosensing due to their exceptional surface properties accompanied by enhanced functionalization potential. In this research, biogenically synthesized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilized to fabricate efficient biosensors for the selective and sensitive detection of malathion pesticides. The structural and physicochemical properties of the Fe 3 O 4 NPs were thoroughly validated, ascertaining their stability and suitability for malathion biosensing. The Fe 3 O 4 NPs were electrodeposited onto the carbon working electrode of the screen-printed electrode (SPE) via electrophoretic deposition, followed by the immobilization of choline oxidase (ChO) to create the ChO-Fe 3 O 4 NPs/SPE nanobioengineered electrodes. This biosensor exhibited remarkable sensitivity and specificity toward malathion, with its performance being governed by diffusion layer dynamics, allowing for the reliable detection of malathion across a broad concentration range. With a detection limit of 1.79 μM and a sensitivity of 98.3 μA μM –1 cm –2 over a wide linear range of 1–200 μM, the sensor exhibits high analytical performance that is competitive with previously reported malathion sensors. The sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, precision, and long-term stability, demonstrating its suitability for the rapid and accurate quantification of malathion in agricultural and environmental samples. Furthermore, real-sample analysis using spiked soil samples showed high recovery rates (93.9% to 98.4%), confirming the sensor’s reliability for practical applications. This eco-friendly and cost-effective approach highlights the potential of biogenic nanomaterials in the development of advanced pesticide sensors, thereby contributing to safer environmental practices and enhanced food quality monitoring.