Development of a pH-Responsive Nanoantibiotic Hydrogel System Based on PVA/Pectin and Biomass-Derived Bacterial Nanocellulose for Antibacterial Wound Dressings

Wound healing remains a major clinical challenge, especially in the management of chronic and infected wounds, where conventional dressings often fall short in providing antimicrobial protection, moisture regulation, and support for tissue regeneration. To overcome these limitations, this study presents the development of a hydrogel-based wound dressing composed of minocycline hydrochloride and AgO-ZnO nanostructures in a Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/Pectin matrix reinforced with bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and tempo-oxidized bacterial nanocellulose (TOBNC) derived from kombucha biomass. AgO-ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation, while BNC was isolated using kombucha fermentation. The resulting hydrogel patches were fabricated and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–visible (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and FESEM to confirm structural, morphological, and functional integration. Thorough investigations included antibacterial efficacy (