Recent Progress in Nanomaterial-Enabled Electrochemical Biosensors: A Comprehensive Review up to 2025

The benefits of intrinsic sensitivity, speed, cost, and simplicity remain to be robust dynamic forces toward the progress of electrochemical (bio) sensors. In this comprehensive review, the breakthrough ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing performances of emerging efficient sensors for the calendar year up to 2025 have been explored. The goal of this effort is to provide progress in electrode engineering and patterns for electrochemical signal amplification used in sensors. Also, we reviewed enzyme-based biosensors, immunosensors, genosensors, cytosensors, and small molecules. The novel strategies are crucial for the progress of electrochemical sensors, which paves a path for future research. This review provides a roadmap for the advancement of metal-based sensing materials with various techniques. However, we express regret to authors of key publications that were inadvertently left out. Only the original and review articles published in available journals were considered, whereas patents, book chapters, or book serials were omitted for this review.