Microbial-Derived Bio-Hydrovoltaic Electronic Skin for Self-Powered Multisensory Sensing

Self-powered flexible electronic skins capable of simultaneously multisensory environmental monitoring are essential for advancing wearable medical devices and intelligent robotics. However, current self-powered sensors are typically limited to single-parameter detection due to material constraints, failing to address real-time multisensory demands in complex environments. Here, we present the first microbial microbial-derived bio-hydrovoltaic electronic skin that exploits the hydrovoltaic effect for multifunctional sensing. With the microbial-derived film functional layer as the core functional layer, the device generates energy (∼0.25 V) via the hydrovoltaic effect using ambient moisture for the entire electronic system while autonomously sensing humidity, temperature, pressure, strain, and wind speed . It exhibits a sensitivity of up to 7392.8 kPa⁻¹ in the 1.2–1.7 kPa regime without external power supply. Mechanistic studies attribute its superior performance to the film’s inherent porous structure and hydrophilicity. This work establishes a sustainable approach for self-powered multisensory sensing and enhances the integration of sustainable electronics into wearable and robotic systems.