Lithium-Ion Sieves for Selective Lithium Adsorption: A Review of Modifications, Shaping Strategies, and Mechanisms

With the demand for lithium escalating in the energy storage and electric vehicle sectors, the extraction of lithium from unconventional and secondary sources has become an area of intensified focus. Lithium-ion sieves (LISs) have emerged as a highly promising technology, offering exceptional selectivity and high adsorption capacity. This review provides a systematic analysis of LIS technology, examining the fundamental structures and intercalation mechanisms of manganese-based, titanium-based, and electrochemical systems. Advanced modification strategies, such as elemental doping, surface coating, and hydrophilic modification, are critically examined for their role in enhancing performance and addressing inherent limitations. Furthermore, essential shaping technologies including granulation, gelation, membrane fabrication, and electrode integration are detailed as crucial steps for transitioning LIS from powders to practical, industrially viable forms with improved stability and recyclability. Finally, the review identifies persistent challenges and outlines future research priorities, underscoring the need for synergistic development of advanced materials and processes to secure a sustainable lithium supply.