Aqueous All-Polymer Batteries Based on Cellulose-Based Electrodes

Using redox-active polymers as electroactive materials enables the development of all-polymer batteries that eliminate the need for toxic or scarce metals. However, current polymer batteries typically rely on synthetic, nonbiodegradable polymers, and the “end-of-life” disposal of these batteries leads to micro- and nanoplastic pollution. This study introduces a sustainable, cellulose-based aqueous all-polymer battery featuring a TEMPO-grafted cellulose cathode (P1) and an anthraquinone-modified cellulose anode (P2), both synthesized through simple chemical modifications. Using a brine electrolyte, the cell delivers a working voltage of 1.3 V and an initial discharge capacity of approximately 90 mAh/g based on P1, retaining over 70% of its capacity after 300 cycles, with a Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99%. By replacing nonbiodegradable carbon–carbon backbones with biomass materials, this research demonstrates a potential environmentally friendly rechargeable battery for low-energy, fast-turnover consumer electronics.