Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Selected Antidepressants and Anxiolytics from Aqueous Matrixes: Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Perspectives

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The widespread presence of antidepressants and anxiolytics in aquatic environments poses significant ecological risks, challenging conventional wastewater treatment. This study presents a systematic review and scientometric analysis of 112 publications (2014–2024) on the degradation of seven widely prescribed psychoactive pharmaceuticals (fluoxetine, escitalopram, bupropion, alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, and duloxetine) via Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). We assessed photocatalysis, ozonation, Fenton-based, and electrochemical processes. Scientometric mapping reveals a growing trend in oxidation-based research, led primarily by Brazil, China, and Spain. Technically, while removal efficiencies vary widely (20–100%) depending on matrix complexity, optimized systems, particularly electro-Fenton, catalytic ozonation, and heterojunction photocatalysis, consistently achieved degradations exceeding 90% for recalcitrant compounds. However, a critical gap remains between laboratory success and real-world applicability: approximately 60% of studies employed ultrapure water, and only 9.5% were conducted at pilot scale. Consequently, the effects of matrix scavengers and operational costs in complex effluents remain under-characterized. Furthermore, degradation does not ensure detoxification, as transformation products may retain neurotoxicity. Future research must prioritize environmentally relevant concentrations (ng L –1 –μg L –1 ), real wastewater matrixes, and hybrid technologies. Integrating reactor engineering with toxicity assessments is essential to transition AOPs from bench-scale concepts to sustainable, scalable solutions.