Design and Applications of Magnetically Actuated Microrobots in Endovascular Embolization

Endovascular embolization is one of the core techniques in minimally invasive interventional medicine. It allows catheters to be accurately delivered to target blood vessels under image guidance for the implantation of embolic materials to achieve vascular occlusion. Although this technique has become increasingly mature, it still faces major challenges in precise delivery due to the limitations of embolic-agent properties and design concepts, restricting further improvement of the embolization therapeutic efficacy. Driven by continuous breakthroughs in materials science and control engineering, as well as the inevitable trend of medical development toward miniaturization, precision, and intelligence, microrobots show broad application prospects in precision disease treatment. They present advantages in accurate embolization and remote control in endovascular embolization, which can effectively improve embolization outcomes and reduce the risk of ectopic embolism. Taking the embolic microrobot system as the research focus, this paper systematically elaborates the design strategies, validation models, and practical applications of magnetically actuated embolic microrobots, comprehensively evaluates various imaging systems, and summarizes the supporting magnetic actuation technologies. It concludes the multimodule collaboration and adaptation framework of embolic microrobot systems. Finally, it analyzes the current limitations and potential translational challenges and presents a systematic prospect of its future development trends.