Green MIP-Based Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Environmental Ivermectin Analysis

M). The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity, reproducibility, and selectivity, clearly distinguishing IVM from structurally related compounds. It maintained strong analytical performance in pharmaceutical formulations, biological matrices, and environmental samples such as tap water and soil, showing minimal matrix interference. These results confirm the platform's robustness and applicability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to evaluate template-monomer interactions and determine the optimal template:monomer ratio for the MIP-based sensor. The results revealed that the 1:1 complex exhibited the most favorable binding characteristics, consistent with the experimental findings. In addition, the sensor fabrication strategy was designed in accordance with green analytical chemistry principles. The electropolymerization process was performed in aqueous phosphate-buffered saline under mild conditions without the use of excessive cross-linkers or hazardous reagents. The approach minimizes organic solvent consumption, reduces energy requirements, and enables sensor reusability, thereby contributing to a sustainable and environmentally responsible analytical platform. Overall, this cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally conscious electrochemical sensor provides a practical tool for reliable IVM monitoring and has strong potential for clinical diagnostics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmaceutical quality control.