Large-Area Fabrication of Holographic Metasurfaces Based on BaTiO 3 Nanoparticle-Embedded Resins

Metasurfaces composed of subwavelength meta-atoms are promising platforms for next-generation optical technologies, including metalenses, holography, AR/VR displays, and biomedical imaging. Among these devices, metaholograms offer ultrathin form factors and high-resolution image reconstruction, but their practical implementation remains limited by material constraints and fabrication complexity. Although passive dielectric materials such as TiO 2, Si 3 N 4, and polymers provide high optical performance, the lack of intrinsic electro-optic tunability hinders progress toward dynamically reconfigurable metasurfaces, and fabrication methods such as electron-beam lithography remain costly and low throughput. In this work, we demonstrate a scalable and cost-effective route for fabricating high-performance metaholograms using nanoimprint lithography and a newly developed BaTiO 3 nanoparticle-embedded resin (BTO PER). The BTO PER exhibits a high refractive index, low optical loss in the visible spectrum, and excellent nanoformability compatible with direct imprinting. Dispersing BTO nanoparticles into a thermally curable polymer matrix enables high-fidelity nanopattern transfer without vacuum-based processing while preserving the intrinsic ferroelectric characteristics of BTO after imprinting. The fabricated metaholograms achieve an optical efficiency of 38.6% at 450 nm, consistent with simulation, confirming efficient phase modulation by the engineered nanostructures. Furthermore, the preserved ferroelectric behavior suggests strong potential for future electrically tunable or reconfigurable metasurfaces, establishing a manufacturable and functionally versatile platform for visible-wavelength metaholograms and adaptive photonic devices.