Wearable Nanosensor for Noninvasive Multimodal Monitoring of Theophylline Pharmacokinetics and Hemodynamics

Monitoring the dynamic interactions between therapeutic drugs and physiological responses is essential for advancing precision medicine. The inter- and intrasubject variability in drug pharmacokinetics and physiological responses underscores the need for simultaneous and continuous monitoring of both parameters to address the limitations of current approaches that are invasive and unable to capture dynamic drug-body interactions. Here, we report a fully integrated epidermal nanosensor (termed PharmHemoSens) that enables real-time, noninvasive, and multimodal sweat monitoring of theophylline (THP), a widely prescribed medication for asthma, alongside key hemodynamic signals, including heart rate and blood pressure. PharmHemoSens monitors the sweat-based pharmacokinetic levels of THP at rest following its oral administration while simultaneously tracking the hemodynamic signals indicative of potential cardiovascular side effects, such as tachycardia and hypertension. On-body measurements demonstrate strong correlations between serum and sweat THP levels, validating the performance of PharmHemoSens for personalized dosing. By combining pharmacokinetic and physiological monitoring within a single skin-worn device, this work offers a practical foundation for closed-loop, individualized drug management.