Monolithic Bionic Tactile Sensor for Simultaneous Recognition of Pressure, Temperature, and Texture

Replicating the coupled tactile sensing properties of biological skin requires sensors capable of simultaneously detecting mechanical and thermal stimuli. Although existing multimodal tactile sensors have made notable progress, they typically depend on discrete sensing units or stacked heterogeneous layers that detect each signal independently, preventing them from capturing the intrinsic multifeature coupling characteristics of natural skin. Here, we demonstrate a monolithic bionic tactile sensor that encodes pressure, temperature, and texture into a unified capacitive signal through a single transduction mechanism. Based on a fingerprint-inspired eutectic gallium-indium/polydimethylsiloxane (EGaIn/PDMS) composite, the sensor exploits temperature-enhanced Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) polarization and thermal softening effects to achieve intrinsically coupled multimodal responsiveness. These complex physical signals are accurately decoded by a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), achieving classification accuracies of ∼95.8% (fixed speed) and ∼93.8% (random speed). This multimodal encoding strategy eliminates the need for multiunit architectures, enhances physical interpretability, and provides a route toward next-generation electronic skins and embodied intelligence.