Compound Drought and Temperature Events Intensify Wheat Yield Loss in Australia

Abstract The escalation in extreme weather events has raised concerns for agriculture. The quantification of the impacts of extreme events on crop yield has predominantly concentrated on individual events like drought or heat. Numerous instances have showcased the destructive effects of compound extreme events on crop yields, surpassing those of individual events. However, their influence extent is region‐specific and not fully understood in Australia's crop belt. Using a biophysical‐statistical modeling approach, we quantified the individual impacts of drought, heat, frost, and compound drought and extreme temperature (DET) events on wheat yield variations in Australia. We first developed indices for these different extreme events during the wheat reproductive period based on the APSIM (Agricultural Production System sIMulator) model and then used these indices in multiple linear regression models to quantify their impacts on wheat yield variations. We found that, during 1990–2021, drought, heat, and frost events explained 48% of yield variation, while the percentage increased to 54% after including DET events, with some regions even up to 86%. In extreme low‐yield years, the relative importance of DET events surpassed the sum importance of individual drought, heat, and frost events, reaching 52% in years with yields below the 10th percentiles, respectively. Our findings highlight the need to factor compound extreme weather events into climate risk management to inform the mitigation of yield losses or crop failure.