Health Impact Analysis of Wildfire Smoke‐PM 2.5 in Canada (2019–2023)

Abstract Wildfires are a source of air pollution, including PM 2.5 . Exposure to PM 2.5 from wildfire smoke is associated with adverse health effects including premature death and respiratory morbidity. Air quality modeling was performed to quantify seasonal wildfire‐PM 2.5 exposure across Canada for 2019–2023, and the annual acute and chronic health impacts and economic valuation due to wildfire‐PM 2.5 exposure were estimated. Exposure to wildfire‐PM 2.5 varied geospatially and temporally. For 2019–2023, the annual premature deaths attributable to wildfire‐PM 2.5 ranged from 49 (95% CI: 0–73) to 400 (95% CI: 0–590) due to acute exposure and 660 (95% CI: 340–980) to 5,400 (95% CI: 2,800–7,900) due to chronic exposure, along with numerous non‐fatal cardiorespiratory health outcomes. Per year, the economic valuation of the health burden ranged from $550M (95% CI: $19M–$1.2B) to $4.4B (95% CI: $150M–$9.9B) for acute impacts and $6.4B (95% CI: $2.2B–$12.9B) to $52B (95% CI: $18B–$100B) for chronic impacts. Additionally, a long‐term average annual exposure for 2013–2023 was estimated using air quality modeling. From this, more than 80% of the population had an average seasonal wildfire‐PM 2.5 exposure of at least 1.0 μg/m 3 and there were 1,900 (95% CI: 980–2,800) attributable premature deaths and a total economic valuation of $18B (95% CI: $6.1B–$36B), per year. Evaluating and understanding the health impacts of wildfire‐PM 2.5 is important given the sizable contribution of wildfire smoke to air pollution in Canada, as well as the anticipated increases in wildfire activity due to climate change.