Does racial identity among Black men in prison matter? An exploratory cluster analysis and examination of risk factors for recidivism.
Abstract
= 9.74) across 11 correctional facilities in the southern United States completed a demographic questionnaire, the Cross Racial Identity Scale, the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles, and the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire. Cluster analysis revealed five racial identity profiles (integrated, conflicted, self-hatred, low race salience, and anti-White). Participants with self-hatred and anti-White racial identity attitudes had higher criminal thinking and a greater risk of recidivism. Racial identity attitudes may be an important specific responsivity factor to consider in rehabilitation programs tailored for some Black men in prison. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Fields of Study & Subjects
Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Crime Patterns and Interventions
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 345–356
- Publication date
- 9 February 2026
- Language
- EN