Dynamic latent class structural equation modeling: A hands-on tutorial for modeling intensive longitudinal data.

In this tutorial, we provide a hands-on guideline on how to implement complex dynamic latent class structural equation models (DLCSEMs) in the Bayesian software JAGS. We provide building blocks starting with simple confirmatory factor and time-series analysis and then extend these blocks to multilevel models and dynamic structural equation models. Subsequently, we introduce hidden Markov switching models and demonstrate their integration with dynamic structural equation models to yield DLCSEM. Leading through the tutorial is an example from clinical psychology using data on a generalized anxiety treatment that includes scales on anxiety symptoms and the Working Alliance Inventory, which measures the alliance between therapists and patients. Within each block, we provide an overview, specific hypotheses we want to test, the resulting model and its implementation, and an interpretation of the results. The aim of this tutorial is to provide a step-by-step guide for applied researchers that enables them to use this flexible DLCSEM framework for their own analyses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).