Developing a Delphi-based framework to prevent the theft and smuggling of heritage artifacts

The theft, smuggling, illicit trafficking, and black market trading of cultural heritage artifacts pose significant global challenges. However, the existing approaches lack an integrated, comprehensive framework to address these issues effectively. This study developed a multidimensional prevention model employing a mixed-methods design, combining qualitative focus group discussions and a Delphi survey for validation. The proposed framework comprised six thematic dimensions: legislation and crime prevention, governmental and institutional roles, community-based prevention, human resource development, situational and contextual strategies, and information-driven approaches. A total of 69 indicators were identified and evaluated. The Delphi survey results demonstrated strong expert consensus, with Kendall’s W values exceeding 0.9 across all dimensions, supporting the model’s reliability. The hierarchical framework offered an adaptable multi-faceted strategy integrating legal, technological, and participatory elements to safeguard cultural heritage artifacts. This study advances both theoretical understanding and practical application, providing a scalable model to mitigate heritage crime and promote preservation efforts worldwide.