Spatial pattern and species diversity of heritage trees as living monuments in a historic Chinese city

Heritage trees are vital natural-cultural heritage, contributing to regional biodiversity with significant social, cultural, and ecological values. Understanding their spatial patterns in relation to environmental and anthropogenic factors can inform effective conservation. This study examined the species composition and spatial distribution patterns of heritage trees in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, China, as well as the environmental and anthropogenic factors driving these patterns. Data on species, dimensions, location, habitat, and variables were collected across ten districts. We identified 975 trees from 43 species in 21 families, dominated by Styphnolobium japonicum and Gleditsia sinensis . They were heterogeneous in distribution, with villages and farmland hosting 69.1% of the trees, reflecting their integration with agricultural practices. Religious sites were considered key secondary habitats. Moderate urbanization favored conservation, while elevation showed a negative correlation with richness and abundance, peaking below 300 m. The findings underscore the importance of socio-ecological processes in requiring tailored management for biodiversity and cultural preservation in evolving landscapes.