A computational framework for evaluating an edge-integrated, multi-ramp construction model of the Great Pyramid of Giza

Abstract Despite decades of study, a quantitative, integrated framework to evaluate minute-scale throughput, geometric control, and a zero external footprint for Khufu’s pyramid has been lacking. We test the Integrated Edge-Ramp (IER) model—a helical path formed by omitting and backfilling perimeter courses—using a unified, end-to-end pipeline coupling parametric geometry, discrete-event logistics, and staged finite-element analysis (FEA). An adaptive multi-ramp strategy can sustain 4–6-min dispatches and yields a median on-site duration of 13.8–20.6 years (95% CI); including quarrying, river transport, and seasonal pauses gives 20–27 years. FEA indicates that stresses and settlements remain within plausible limits for Old Kingdom limestone under self-weight. The model’s geometry is also consistent with internal voids identified by muon imaging (a hypothesis-generating result). The IER helps reconcile throughput, survey access, and zero-footprint closure, and produces falsifiable predictions (edge-fill signatures, corner wear). Our study provides a transferable, open-data/code framework for testing construction hypotheses for ancient megastructures.