Spatial heterogeneity of Luoyang graded heritage networks revealed by dual-path TOPSIS–RSR analysis and MGWR

Planning cultural-heritage corridors requires transparent links from indicators to spatial priorities. We propose an auditable grading–connectivity workflow for Ancient Capital Cultural Heritage (ACCH) in Luoyang, China. Eleven indicators are weighted via AHP–CRITIC; TOPSIS and rank-sum ratio (RSR) provide dual grading routes whose agreement delineates robust high/low tiers and boundary-sensitive mid-tiers. Reclassified tiers parameterize a minimum-cost resistance surface to map corridors, trunks and bottlenecks. MGWR identifies land-use conditions as the most spatially stable risk correlate, with heritage density, elevation and water barriers acting as local modifiers. Outputs support protection prioritization, corridor design, and tiered intervention thresholds in territorial spatial planning.