Substitution of free halide ions unlocks responsive photoluminescence switching in manganese-based metal halides

Abstract Stimuli-responsive organic-inorganic metal halides hold great promise for emerging information-related applications. In this work, replacing the free halide ion Cl − with Br − in C 5 H 11 N 3 (MnCl 3 ·H 2 O)X (where C 5 H 11 N 3 2+ represents histamine cation, X represents free halide ions) converts the non-responsive hybrid C 5 H 11 N 3 (MnCl 3 ·H 2 O)Cl into a stimuli-responsive C 5 H 11 N 3 (MnCl 3 ·H 2 O)Br. The latter exhibits reversible photoluminescence color switching between red and green upon thermal or water exposure. Extensive experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that the responsive property primarily stems from weakened hydrogen bonding surrounding H 2 O molecules after Br − substitution, which facilitates the initial escape of H 2 O molecules under heating. Subsequent structural reorganization and coordination transformation then induce the change in photoluminescence. Furthermore, the fabricated halide/polymer luminescent films are demonstrated to be highly applicable in multiple scenarios, such as planar temperature sensing, thermal stamping, and encryption/decryption. This study highlights the crucial yet often overlooked role of free halide ions in metal halides and offers new insights into their structure–property relationships.