CPX-351 (Liposomal Cytarabine and Daunorubicin) versus venetoclax plus hypomethylating agent therapy in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: a retrospective comparison involving 600 Mayo Clinic patients

The comparative value of liposomal cytarabine/daunorubicin (CPX-351) versus venetoclax plus a hypomethylating agent (Ven-HMA) in the frontline treatment of older adults with primary (de novo) or secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains uncertain. In the current study, we retrospectively examined outcomes of 600 patients with newly diagnosed AML treated with CPX-351 ( N = 112) or Ven-HMA ( N = 488). AML subtypes included de novo ( N = 277, 46%), post-myelodysplastic syndrome (post-MDS, N = 114,19%), post-myeloproliferative neoplasm (post-MPN, N = 70, 12%), post-MDS/MPN ( N = 36, 6%), and t-AML ( N = 103, 17%). Patients receiving CPX-351 were younger (median 65 vs. 73 years; p < 0.01), predominantly female (50% vs. 38%; p = 0.02), more likely to have secondary AML (68% vs. 51%; p < 0.01), and less likely to harbor NPM1 MUT (5% vs. 12%; p = 0.02). Rates of complete response with or without count recovery (CR/CRi) were comparable between CPX-351 and Ven-HMA (55% vs. 60%; p = 0.30), including AML with myelodysplasia-related gene mutations or cytogenetic abnormalities (AML-MR 60% vs. 63%; p = 0.70). Ven-HMA use was associated with fewer infectious complications (62% vs. 83%; p < 0.01) and yielded higher CR/CRi rates in males (60% vs. 45%; p = 0.04), de novo AML (68% vs. 50%; p = 0.03), and in the presence of STAG2 MUT (86% vs. 44%; p = 0.02), or CEBPA MUT (88% vs. 50%; p = 0.03). Overall survival censored for transplant, was similar (median 10 vs. 13 months; p = 0.90), with Ven-HMA being superior in post-MDS AML (median 12 vs. 7 months; p = 0.02) and CPX-351 in the presence of SF3B1 MUT (median not reached vs. 14 months; p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that Ven-HMA is as effective and less toxic than CPX-351 in newly diagnosed AML, including AML-MR, despite selection of younger, fitter patients for CPX-351.